A plaintiff (Π Pi is the sixteenth letter of the Greek alphabet, representing [p]. In the system of Greek numerals it has a value of 80. Letters that arose from pi include Cyrillic Pe (П, п), Coptic pi (Ⲡ, ⲡ), and Gothic pairthra (𐍀) in legal shorthand It is common practice in legal documents to cite to other publications by using standard abbreviations for the title of each source. Abbreviations may also be found for common words or legal phrases. Such citations and abbreviations are found in court decisions, statutes, regulations, journal articles, books, and other documents. Below is a basic), also known as a claimant or complainant, is the term used in some jurisdictions, for the party who initiates a lawsuit A lawsuit, or "suit in law", is a civil action brought before a court of law in which a plaintiff, a party who claims to have received damages from a defendant's actions, seeks a legal or equitable remedy. The defendant is required to respond to the plaintiff's complaint. If the plaintiff is successful, judgment will be given in the (also known as an action) before a court A court is a form of tribunal, often a governmental institution, with the authority to adjudicate legal disputes between parties and carry out the administration of justice in civil, criminal, and administrative matters in accordance with the rule of law. In both common law and civil law legal systems, courts are the central means for dispute. By doing so, the plaintiff seeks a legal remedy A legal remedy is the means with which a court of law, usually in the exercise of civil law jurisdiction, enforces a right, imposes a penalty, or makes some other court order to impose its will, and if successful, the court will issue judgment A judgment , in a legal context, is synonymous with the formal decision made by a court following a lawsuit. At the same time the court may also make a range of court orders, such as imposing a sentence upon a guilty defendant in a criminal matter, or providing a remedy for the plaintiff in a civil law matter in favor of the plaintiff and make the appropriate court order A court order is an official proclamation by a judge (or panel of judges) that defines the legal relationships between the parties to a hearing, a trial, an appeal or other court proceedings. Such ruling requires or authorizes the carrying out of certain steps by one or more parties to a case. A court order must be signed by a judge; some (e.g., an order for damages In law, damages is an award of money to be paid to, a person as compensation for loss or injury Black's Law Dictionary).

In some jurisdictions Jurisdiction is the practical authority granted to a formally constituted legal body or to a political leader to deal with and make pronouncements on legal matters and, by implication, to administer justice within a defined area of responsibility. The term is also used to denote the geographical area or subject-matter to which such authority the commencement of a lawsuit is done by filing a summons Legally, a summons is a legal document issued by a court (a judicial summons) or by an administrative agency of government (an administrative summons) for various purposes. Lawfully, a summons is an invitation for a defendant to appear at a corporation's place of business to discuss punishment, e.g. a Magistrates' Court, claim form and/or a complaint A complaint , in general usage, is an expression of displeasure, such as low quality service at a store, or from a local government, etc. In legal terminology, a complaint is a formal legal document that sets out the facts and legal reasons that the filing party (the plaintiffs) believes are sufficient to support a claim against another person,, these documents are known as pleadings In law as practiced in countries that follow the English models, a pleading is a formal written statement filed with a court by parties in a civil action, such as a complaint, a demurrer, or an answer. A complaint is the first pleading filed by a plaintiff which initiates a lawsuit. A complaint sets forth the relevant allegations of fact that give, that set forth the alleged wrongs committed by the defendant A defendant or defender is any party who is required to answer the complaint of a plaintiff or pursuer in a civil lawsuit before a court, or any party who has been formally charged or accused of violating a criminal statute. (Note that American lawyers and judges often pronounce the word slightly differently than is common in standard American or defendants with a demand for relief. In other jurisdictions the action is commenced by service of legal process Legal process , are the proceedings in any civil lawsuit or criminal prosecution and, particularly, describes the formal notice or writ used by a court to exercise jurisdiction over a person or property. Such process is usually "served" upon a party, to compel that party to come to court, and may take the form of a summons, mandate, by delivery of these documents on the defendant by a process server; they are only filed with the court subsequently with an affidavit An affidavit is a formal sworn statement of fact, signed by the author, who is called the affiant or deponent, and witnessed as to the authenticity of the affiant's signature by a taker of oaths, such as a notary public or commissioner of oaths. The name is Medieval Latin for he has declared upon oath. An affidavit is a type of verified statement from the process server that they had been given to the defendant(s) according to the rules of civil procedure Civil procedure is the body of law that sets out the rules and standards that courts follow when adjudicating civil lawsuits . These rules govern how a lawsuit or case may be commenced, what kind of service of process (if any) is required, the types of pleadings or statements of case, motions or applications, and orders allowed in civil cases, the.

Not all lawsuits are plenary actions, involving a full trial In law, a trial is when parties to a dispute come together to present information in a tribunal, a formal setting with the authority to adjudicate claims or disputes. One form of tribunal is a court. The tribunal, which may occur before a judge, jury, or other designated trier of fact, aims to achieve a resolution to their dispute on the merits of the case. There are also simplified procedures, often called proceedings, in which the parties are termed petitioner instead of plaintiff, and respondent instead of defendant. There are also cases that do not technically involve two sides, such as petitions for specific statutory relief that require judicial approval; in those cases there are no respondents, just a petitioner.

A plaintiff identified by name in a class action In law, a class action or a representative action is a form of lawsuit in which a large group of people collectively bring a claim to court and/or in which a class of defendants is being sued. This form of collective lawsuit originated in the United States and is still predominantly a U.S. phenomenon, at least the U.S. variant of it. However, in is called a named plaintiff A named plaintiff, "class plaintiff" or "class representative" is one of the small group of individual plaintiffs in a class action who are identified by name and who stand in for and represent the interests of the larger group of people who comprise the plaintiff class, subject to court approval.

The party to whom the complaint is against is the defendant A defendant or defender is any party who is required to answer the complaint of a plaintiff or pursuer in a civil lawsuit before a court, or any party who has been formally charged or accused of violating a criminal statute. (Note that American lawyers and judges often pronounce the word slightly differently than is common in standard American; or in the case of a petition, a respondent. Case names are usually given with the plaintiff first, as in Plaintiff v. Defendant.

Complainant may also denote the complaining witness in a criminal proceeding.

United Kingdom

In England and Wales English law is the legal system of England and Wales, and is the basis of common law legal systems used in most Commonwealth countriesand the United States . It was exported to Commonwealth countries while the British Empire was established and maintained, and it forms the basis of the jurisprudence of most of those countries. English law prior to, the term Claimant has replaced Plaintiff after the Civil Procedure Rules 1998 The Civil Procedure Rules 1998 are the rules of civil procedure used by the Court of Appeal, High Court of Justice, and County Courts in civil cases in England and Wales. They apply to all cases commenced after April 26, 1999, and largely replace the Rules of the Supreme Court and the County Court Rules came into force in 26 April 1999.^[1] In Scottish law Scots law is a unique legal system which has roots in various different sources of law. Up until the mid-tenth century, the law in Scotland was almost certainly Celtic, but after that point, feudal and canon law gradually took over. On succeeding to the throne in 1124, King David I introduced elements of Anglo-Norman laws and legal institutions,, a plaintiff is referred to as a pursuer A pursuer in Scotland is the party who initiates a lawsuit before a Court of Scotland. The term is the same in civil and criminal proceedings. The pursuer is seeking a legal remedy, and if successful, the court will issue judgment in favour of the pursuer and make the appropriate court order and a defendant as a defender.

Elsewhere

In Hong Kong Hong Kong is one of the two special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China; the other is Macau. Situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is renowned for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour. With land mass of 1,104 km2 (426 sq mi) and a population of seven million and the United States ^ b. English is the de facto language of American government and the sole language spoken at home by 80% of Americans age five and older. Spanish is the second most commonly spoken language, a plaintiff is still referred to as a plaintiff. Americans traditionally limit the application of terms such as "claimant" and "claim form" to extrajudicial process in insurance In law and economics, insurance is a form of risk management primarily used to hedge against the risk of a contingent, uncertain loss. Insurance is defined as the equitable transfer of the risk of a loss, from one entity to another, in exchange for payment. An insurer is a company selling the insurance; an insured or policyholder is the person or and administrative law Administrative law is the body of law that governs the activities of administrative agencies of government. Government agency action can include rulemaking, adjudication, or the enforcement of a specific regulatory agenda. Administrative law is considered a branch of public law. As a body of law, administrative law deals with the decision-making. After exhausting remedies available through an insurer In law and economics, insurance is a form of risk management primarily used to hedge against the risk of a contingent, uncertain loss. Insurance is defined as the equitable transfer of the risk of a loss, from one entity to another, in exchange for payment. An insurer is a company selling the insurance; an insured or policyholder is the person or or government agency A government agency is a permanent or semi-permanent organization in the machinery of government that is responsible for the oversight and administration of specific functions, such as an intelligence agency[citation needed]. There is a notable variety of types of agency. Although usage differs, a government agency is normally distinct both from a, an American claimant in need of further relief would turn to the courts, file a complaint (thus establishing a real court case under judicial supervision), and become a plaintiff.

Etymology

The word plaintiff can be traced to the year 1278 and stems from the Anglo-French word pleintif meaning complaining from pleint. It was identical with plaintive A plaintiff , also known as a claimant or complainant, is the party who initiates a lawsuit (also known as an action) before a court. By doing so, the plaintiff seeks a legal remedy, and if successful, the court will issue judgment in favor of the plaintiff and make the appropriate court order (e.g., an order for damages) at first and receded into legal usage with the -iff spelling in the 1400s.^[2]

References

1. ^ http://www.dca.gov.uk/civil/procrules_fin/index.htm
2. ^ "Etymology Online". etymonline.com. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=plaintiff. Retrieved 2008-04-24.

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